http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Welcome to the FlaggedRevs demo installation! In a nutshellhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page#In_a_nutshell Get startedhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page#Get_started What's next?http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page#What.27s_next.3F Example contenthttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page#Example_content http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Cover Welcome to the world's foremost open contentOrganic Chemistry Textbookon the web! The Study of Organic Chemistryhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Cover#The_Study_of_Organic_Chemistry Contributinghttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Cover#Contributing http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry The purpose of this section is to review topics from freshman chemistry and build the foundation for further studies in organic chemistry. Organic Chemistryhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Organic_Chemistry http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkanes Alkanes are the simplest organic molecules, consisting of only carbon and hydrogen and with only single bonds between carbon atoms. Alkanes are used as the basis for naming the majority of organic compounds (their nomenclature). Introductionhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkanes#Introduction Introductory Definitionshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkanes#Introductory_Definitions Methanehttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkanes#Methane Ethanehttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkanes#Ethane Drawing alkaneshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkanes#Drawing_alkanes Line drawing shorthandhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkanes#Line_drawing_shorthand Conformationshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkanes#Conformations Newman projectionshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkanes#Newman_projections Conformations and energyhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkanes#Conformations_and_energy Steric effectshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkanes#Steric_effects Entropyhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkanes#Entropy Properties of Alkaneshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkanes#Properties_of_Alkanes Chemical propertieshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkanes#Chemical_properties Introduction to Nomenclaturehttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkanes#Introduction_to_Nomenclature Number of hydrogens to carbonshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkanes#Number_of_hydrogens_to_carbons Naming carbon chains up to tenhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkanes#Naming_carbon_chains_up_to_ten Isomerismhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkanes#Isomerism Branched chainshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkanes#Branched_chains Constitutional isomershttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkanes#Constitutional_isomers Naming Alkaneshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkanes#Naming_Alkanes IUPAC naming ruleshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkanes#IUPAC_naming_rules Numberinghttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkanes#Numbering Alphabetizinghttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkanes#Alphabetizing Branched Substituentshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkanes#Branched_Substituents Naming branched substituentshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkanes#Naming_branched_substituents Common systemhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkanes#Common_system Iso-http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkanes#Iso- Sec-http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkanes#Sec- Neo-http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkanes#Neo- Tert-http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkanes#Tert- See alsohttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkanes#See_also http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Introduction_to_reactions > Introduction to reactions General Reaction Information and Mechanismshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Introduction_to_reactions#General_Reaction_Information_and_Mechanisms Specific Reactionshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Introduction_to_reactions#Specific_Reactions http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkenes << Haloalkanes |Alkenes| Alkynes >> Naming Alkeneshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkenes#Naming_Alkenes EZ Notationhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkenes#EZ_Notation Comparison of E-Z with cis-transhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkenes#Comparison_of_E-Z_with_cis-trans Propertieshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkenes#Properties Diastereomerismhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkenes#Diastereomerism Restricted rotationhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkenes#Restricted_rotation Relative stabilityhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkenes#Relative_stability Reactionshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkenes#Reactions Preparationhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkenes#Preparation Dehydrohalogenation of Haloalkaneshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkenes#Dehydrohalogenation_of_Haloalkanes Dehalogenation of Vicinal Dibromideshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkenes#Dehalogenation_of_Vicinal_Dibromides Dehydration of alcoholshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkenes#Dehydration_of_alcohols Wittig Reactionhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkenes#Wittig_Reaction Markovnikov's Rulehttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkenes#Markovnikov.27s_Rule Exampleshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkenes#Examples Markovnikov producthttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkenes#Markovnikov_product Markovnikov additionhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkenes#Markovnikov_addition Anti-Markovnikov additionhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkenes#Anti-Markovnikov_addition Why it workshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkenes#Why_it_works Exceptions to the Rulehttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkenes#Exceptions_to_the_Rule Addition reactionshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkenes#Addition_reactions Hydroborationhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkenes#Hydroboration Hydroboration/Oxidationhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkenes#Hydroboration.2FOxidation Oxymercuration/Reductionhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkenes#Oxymercuration.2FReduction Catalytic addition of hydrogenhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkenes#Catalytic_addition_of_hydrogen Electrophilic additionhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkenes#Electrophilic_addition Halogenationhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkenes#Halogenation Hydrohalogenationhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkenes#Hydrohalogenation Oxidationhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkenes#Oxidation Polymerizationhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkenes#Polymerization Substitution and Elimination Reaction Mechanismshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkenes#Substitution_and_Elimination_Reaction_Mechanisms Nucleophilic Substitution Reactionshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkenes#Nucleophilic_Substitution_Reactions <H3>Note</H3>http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkenes#Note SN1 vs SN2http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkenes#SN1_vs_SN2 SN2 Reactionshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkenes#SN2_Reactions <H3>Reactivity Due to Structure of SN2</H3>http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkenes#Reactivity_Due_to_Structure_of_SN2 Nucleophilicityhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkenes#Nucleophilicity <H3>List of descending nucleophilicities</H3>http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkenes#List_of_descending_nucleophilicities Leaving Grouphttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkenes#Leaving_Group <H3>Relative Reactivity of Leaving Groups</H3>http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkenes#Relative_Reactivity_of_Leaving_Groups Solventhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkenes#Solvent <H3>Relative Reactivity of Solvents</H3>http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkenes#Relative_Reactivity_of_Solvents SN1 Reactionshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkenes#SN1_Reactions <H3>Reactivity Due to Structure of SN1</H3>http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkenes#Reactivity_Due_to_Structure_of_SN1 Summaryhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkenes#Summary Elimination Reactionshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkenes#Elimination_Reactions E1 vs E2http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkenes#E1_vs_E2 Reaction rateshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkenes#Reaction_rates Zaitsev's Rulehttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkenes#Zaitsev.27s_Rule E2http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkenes#E2 <H3>Reactivity Due to Structure of E2</H3>http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkenes#Reactivity_Due_to_Structure_of_E2 E1http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkenes#E1 Referenceshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkenes#References http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkynes << Alkenes |Alkynes| Dienes >> Multiple Bonds Between Carbon Atomshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkynes#Multiple_Bonds_Between_Carbon_Atoms Two π Bondshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkynes#Two_.CF.80_Bonds Index Of Hydrogen Deficiencyhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkynes#Index_Of_Hydrogen_Deficiency Cycloalkyneshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkynes#Cycloalkynes Preparationhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkynes#Preparation Dehydrogenation of an alkane or alkenehttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkynes#Dehydrogenation_of_an_alkane_or_alkene Dehalogenation of a tetrahaloalkanehttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkynes#Dehalogenation_of_a_tetrahaloalkane Dehydrohalogenation of a dihaloalkanehttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkynes#Dehydrohalogenation_of_a_dihaloalkane Through Kolbe's Electrolysishttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkynes#Through_Kolbe.27s_Electrolysis From Calcium carbidehttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkynes#From_Calcium_carbide From alkyl or aryl halideshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkynes#From_alkyl_or_aryl_halides Propertieshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkynes#Properties Physical propertieshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkynes#Physical_properties Chemical propertieshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkynes#Chemical_properties Reactionshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkynes#Reactions Oxidative Cleavage of Alkyneshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkynes#Oxidative_Cleavage_of_Alkynes Hydrohalogenation of Alkyneshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkynes#Hydrohalogenation_of_Alkynes Halogenation of Alkyneshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkynes#Halogenation_of_Alkynes Combustionhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkynes#Combustion Reductionhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkynes#Reduction Complete Hydrogenation of Alkyneshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkynes#Complete_Hydrogenation_of_Alkynes Syn-Hydrogenation of an Alkynehttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkynes#Syn-Hydrogenation_of_an_Alkyne Anti-Hydrogenation of an Alkynehttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkynes#Anti-Hydrogenation_of_an_Alkyne Anion formationhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkynes#Anion_formation Referenceshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkynes#References http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Chirality =Introduction= Introductionhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Chirality#Introduction Chiral Compounds With Stereocentershttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Chirality#Chiral_Compounds_With_Stereocenters Fischer projectionshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Chirality#Fischer_projections Operations on Fischer projectionshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Chirality#Operations_on_Fischer_projections Naming conventionshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Chirality#Naming_conventions By optical activity: (+)- and (-)-http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Chirality#By_optical_activity:_.28.2B.29-_and_.28-.29- By relative configuration: D- and L-http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Chirality#By_relative_configuration:_D-_and_L- By absolute configuration: R- and S-http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Chirality#By_absolute_configuration:_R-_and_S- Chiral Compounds Without Stereocentershttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Chirality#Chiral_Compounds_Without_Stereocenters Properties of optical isomershttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Chirality#Properties_of_optical_isomers Chirality in biologyhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Chirality#Chirality_in_biology Chirality in inorganic chemistryhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Chirality#Chirality_in_inorganic_chemistry More definitionshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Chirality#More_definitions Enantiopure preparationshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Chirality#Enantiopure_preparations Enantiopure medicationshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Chirality#Enantiopure_medications See alsohttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Chirality#See_also http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Dienes Organic chemistry > Dienes Organic Chemistryhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Organic_Chemistry http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Aromatics << Dienes | Aromatics | Aromatic reactions>> History of Aromaticshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Aromatics#History_of_Aromatics Benzene Structurehttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Aromatics#Benzene_Structure Benzene Propertieshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Aromatics#Benzene_Properties Benzene Reactionshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Aromatics#Benzene_Reactions Benzene Health Effectshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Aromatics#Benzene_Health_Effects Aromaticityhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Aromatics#Aromaticity Definitionhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Aromatics#Definition Theoryhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Aromatics#Theory Characteristicshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Aromatics#Characteristics Monosubstituted Benzeneshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Aromatics#Monosubstituted_Benzenes Effects of Different Substituentshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Aromatics#Effects_of_Different_Substituents Activating Substituentshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Aromatics#Activating_Substituents Deactivating Substituentshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Aromatics#Deactivating_Substituents Activation vs. Deactivation and ortho/para vs. meta directinghttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Aromatics#Activation_vs._Deactivation_and_ortho.2Fpara_vs._meta_directing Resonance Effectshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Aromatics#Resonance_Effects Inductive Effectshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Aromatics#Inductive_Effects Halides as the Exceptionhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Aromatics#Halides_as_the_Exception Detailed Effects of Substituentshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Aromatics#Detailed_Effects_of_Substituents Polysubstituted Benzeneshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Aromatics#Polysubstituted_Benzenes Competition Between Functional Groupshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Aromatics#Competition_Between_Functional_Groups Naming Conventionshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Aromatics#Naming_Conventions http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/External_links Organic chemistry > Links to other online organic textbooks Resourceshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/External_links#Resources Other online textbookshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/External_links#Other_online_textbooks http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/History_of_organic_chemistry Atomic Structure > Brief Historyhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/History_of_organic_chemistry#Brief_History Synthesis of Ureahttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/History_of_organic_chemistry#Synthesis_of_Urea Organic vs Inorganic Chemistryhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/History_of_organic_chemistry#Organic_vs_Inorganic_Chemistry Major Advances in the Field of Organic Chemistryhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/History_of_organic_chemistry#Major_Advances_in_the_Field_of_Organic_Chemistry http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Aromatic_reactions/Electrophilic_aromatic_substitution Moved to Organic Chemistry/Aromatic reactions. Ewen 10:39, 23 November 2006 (UTC) http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Aromatic_reactions/Electrophilic_aromatic_substitution/Overview_of_electrophilic_aromatic_substitution_reactions Merged to Organic Chemistry/Aromatic reactions. Ewen 10:47, 23 November 2006 (UTC) http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Aromaticity/Benzene Merged to main Organic Chemistry/Aromatics page. Ewen 10:18, 23 November 2006 (UTC) http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming == The Scope == The Scopehttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming#The_Scope Getting startedhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming#Getting_started Families of languageshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming#Families_of_languages Common conceptshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming#Common_concepts Programming skillshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming#Programming_skills Data Structures and algorithmshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming#Data_Structures_and_algorithms Language-related skillshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming#Language-related_skills Programming for applicationshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming#Programming_for_applications Programming for platformshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming#Programming_for_platforms History of programminghttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming#History_of_programming General trendshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming#General_trends Specific languageshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming#Specific_languages Additional Informationhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming#Additional_Information Editorshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming#Editors Toolshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming#Tools Popular librarieshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming#Popular_libraries Format Referencehttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming#Format_Reference Mischttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming#Misc Bibliographyhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming#Bibliography http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming/current __TOC__ WikiTextBook's Computer Programminghttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming/current#WikiTextBook.27s_Computer_Programming What's Newhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming/current#What.27s_New http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming/Authors __TOC__ List of Authorshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming/Authors#List_of_Authors http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cookbook:Policy/Recipe_template __NOTOC__ Template for recipe submissionshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cookbook:Policy/Recipe_template#Template_for_recipe_submissions Ingredientshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cookbook:Policy/Recipe_template#Ingredients Procedurehttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cookbook:Policy/Recipe_template#Procedure Notes, tips, and variationshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cookbook:Policy/Recipe_template#Notes.2C_tips.2C_and_variations Warningshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cookbook:Policy/Recipe_template#Warnings External linkshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cookbook:Policy/Recipe_template#External_links http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Atomic_structure < History | Electronegativity > Atomic Structurehttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Atomic_structure#Atomic_Structure The nucleushttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Atomic_structure#The_nucleus Electronshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Atomic_structure#Electrons Shells and Orbitalshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Atomic_structure#Shells_and_Orbitals Electron orbitalshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Atomic_structure#Electron_orbitals Wave nature of electronshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Atomic_structure#Wave_nature_of_electrons Electron shellshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Atomic_structure#Electron_shells S orbitalhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Atomic_structure#S_orbital P orbitalhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Atomic_structure#P_orbital D and F orbitalshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Atomic_structure#D_and_F_orbitals Filling electron shellshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Atomic_structure#Filling_electron_shells Pauli exclusion principlehttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Atomic_structure#Pauli_exclusion_principle Build-up principlehttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Atomic_structure#Build-up_principle Hund's rulehttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Atomic_structure#Hund.27s_rule Octet rulehttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Atomic_structure#Octet_rule Molecular orbitalshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Atomic_structure#Molecular_orbitals Hybridizationhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Atomic_structure#Hybridization http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Awareness_in_the_21st_Century For now this is an outline and discussion forum for an envisioned textbook Environmenthttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Environment http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Bonding < Electronegativity | Electron dot structure > Ionic Bondinghttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Bonding#Ionic_Bonding Covalent Bondinghttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Bonding#Covalent_Bonding Bond Polarity and Dipole Momenthttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Bonding#Bond_Polarity_and_Dipole_Moment Van der Waals Bondinghttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Bonding#Van_der_Waals_Bonding Organometallic Compounds and Bondinghttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Bonding#Organometallic_Compounds_and_Bonding http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Resonance << Electron dot structures | Acids and bases >> Resonancehttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Resonance#Resonance Resonance Structureshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Resonance#Resonance_Structures Key characteristicshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Resonance#Key_characteristics What resonance is nothttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Resonance#What_resonance_is_not Historyhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Resonance#History Exampleshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Resonance#Examples See alsohttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Resonance#See_also Referenceshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Resonance#References http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Acids_and_bases << Resonance | Nomenclature >> Arrhenius Definition: Hydroxide and Hydronium Ionshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Acids_and_bases#Arrhenius_Definition:_Hydroxide_and_Hydronium_Ions Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases: Proton donors and acceptorshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Acids_and_bases#Br.C3.B8nsted-Lowry_Acids_and_Bases:_Proton_donors_and_acceptors <H2>Definiton of Brønsted-Lowry Acid and Base</H2>http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Acids_and_bases#Definiton_of_Br.C3.B8nsted-Lowry_Acid_and_Base Lewis Acids and Bases: Electron donors and acceptorshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Acids_and_bases#Lewis_Acids_and_Bases:_Electron_donors_and_acceptors <H2>Definition of Lewis Acids and Bases</H2>http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Acids_and_bases#Definition_of_Lewis_Acids_and_Bases Nucleophiles and Electrophileshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Acids_and_bases#Nucleophiles_and_Electrophiles pKa and Acidityhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Acids_and_bases#pKa_and_Acidity http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Electron_dot_structures << Covalent bonding | Resonance >> Electron Dot Structureshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Electron_dot_structures#Electron_Dot_Structures Drawing electron dot structureshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Electron_dot_structures#Drawing_electron_dot_structures A note about Gilbert N. Lewishttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Electron_dot_structures#A_note_about_Gilbert_N._Lewis Formal Chargehttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Electron_dot_structures#Formal_Charge Exampleshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Electron_dot_structures#Examples http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Introduction_to_reactions/Overview_of_addition%2C_elimination%2C_substitution_and_rearrangement_reactions << Cycloalkanes | Next >> Some basic reaction typeshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Introduction_to_reactions/Overview_of_addition%2C_elimination%2C_substitution_and_rearrangement_reactions#Some_basic_reaction_types Addition reactionhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Introduction_to_reactions/Overview_of_addition%2C_elimination%2C_substitution_and_rearrangement_reactions#Addition_reaction Elimination reactionhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Introduction_to_reactions/Overview_of_addition%2C_elimination%2C_substitution_and_rearrangement_reactions#Elimination_reaction Substitution reactionshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Introduction_to_reactions/Overview_of_addition%2C_elimination%2C_substitution_and_rearrangement_reactions#Substitution_reactions Rearrangement reactionshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Introduction_to_reactions/Overview_of_addition%2C_elimination%2C_substitution_and_rearrangement_reactions#Rearrangement_reactions http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Introduction_to_reactions/Polar_and_radical_reactions << Overview of reactions | Redox reactions >> Homolytic vs heterolytic cleavagehttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Introduction_to_reactions/Polar_and_radical_reactions#Homolytic_vs_heterolytic_cleavage Polar reactionshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Introduction_to_reactions/Polar_and_radical_reactions#Polar_reactions Radical reactionshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Introduction_to_reactions/Polar_and_radical_reactions#Radical_reactions http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Programmingc:hello Programming in C/C++ C Programminghttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:C_Programming http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Introduction_to_functional_groups #/What is a functional group?/ Organic Chemistryhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Organic_Chemistry http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/History_of_organic_chemistry/Vital_force_theory << Foundational concepts | Synthesis of urea >> Organic Chemistryhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Organic_Chemistry http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/History_of_organic_chemistry/Synthesis_of_urea << Vital force theory | Organic vs inorganic chemistry >> Organic Chemistryhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Organic_Chemistry http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/History_of_organic_chemistry/Organic_vs_inorganic_chemistry << Synthesis of urea | Atomic structure >> Organic Chemistryhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Organic_Chemistry http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Atomic_structure/Nucleus_and_electrons << Atomic structure | Shells and orbitals >> The nucleushttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Atomic_structure/Nucleus_and_electrons#The_nucleus Electronshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Atomic_structure/Nucleus_and_electrons#Electrons http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Atomic_structure/Shells_and_orbitals << Nucleus and electrons | Filling electron shells >> Electron orbitalshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Atomic_structure/Shells_and_orbitals#Electron_orbitals Wave nature of electronshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Atomic_structure/Shells_and_orbitals#Wave_nature_of_electrons Electron shellshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Atomic_structure/Shells_and_orbitals#Electron_shells S orbitalhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Atomic_structure/Shells_and_orbitals#S_orbital P orbitalhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Atomic_structure/Shells_and_orbitals#P_orbital D orbitalhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Atomic_structure/Shells_and_orbitals#D_orbital F orbital and beyondhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Atomic_structure/Shells_and_orbitals#F_orbital_and_beyond http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Atomic_structure/Filling_electron_shells << Shells and orbitals | Octet rule and exceptions >> Exclusion principlehttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Atomic_structure/Filling_electron_shells#Exclusion_principle Build-up principlehttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Atomic_structure/Filling_electron_shells#Build-up_principle Hund's rulehttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Atomic_structure/Filling_electron_shells#Hund.27s_rule Building atoms with quantum mechanics (advanced topic)http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Atomic_structure/Filling_electron_shells#Building_atoms_with_quantum_mechanics_.28advanced_topic.29 http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cell_Biology This is a copy of the cell biology textbook started by Mark Dalton on the University of Minnesota website. Reference it there and help start porting it over here. Contentshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cell_Biology#Contents Resourceshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cell_Biology#Resources Metahttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cell_Biology#Meta http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Modern_Physics __NOTOC__ Table of Contentshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Modern_Physics#Table_of_Contents Books and Chaptershttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Modern_Physics#Books_and_Chapters Appendicieshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Modern_Physics#Appendicies http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Linear_Algebra Linear algebra is a branch of mathematics concerned with the study of vectors, vector spaces, linear transformations, and systems of linear equations. Vector spaces are very important in modern mathematics. Contentshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Linear_Algebra#Contents Determinantshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Linear_Algebra#Determinants Vector Spaceshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Linear_Algebra#Vector_Spaces Systems of Linear Equationshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Linear_Algebra#Systems_of_Linear_Equations Linear Transformationshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Linear_Algebra#Linear_Transformations Coordinate Transformationshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Linear_Algebra#Coordinate_Transformations Canonical Formhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Linear_Algebra#Canonical_Form Bilinear Formhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Linear_Algebra#Bilinear_Form Quadratic Formhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Linear_Algebra#Quadratic_Form Euclidean Spacehttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Linear_Algebra#Euclidean_Space Unitary Spacehttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Linear_Algebra#Unitary_Space Algebrashttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Linear_Algebra#Algebras General Information and MoShttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Linear_Algebra#General_Information_and_MoS Exerciseshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Linear_Algebra#Exercises Old pages to be implementedhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Linear_Algebra#Old_pages_to_be_implemented External linkshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Linear_Algebra#External_links http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Waves/Waves_in_one_Dimension ==The Mathematics Of Waves== The Mathematics Of Waveshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Waves/Waves_in_one_Dimension#The_Mathematics_Of_Waves http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Introduction ==Introduction== Introductionhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Introduction#Introduction What is calculus?http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Introduction#What_is_calculus.3F Why learn calculus?http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Introduction#Why_learn_calculus.3F What is involved in learning calculus?http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Introduction#What_is_involved_in_learning_calculus.3F What you should know before using this texthttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Introduction#What_you_should_know_before_using_this_text Scopehttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Introduction#Scope http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Functions ==Functions== Functionshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Functions#Functions Classical understanding of functionshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Functions#Classical_understanding_of_functions Notationhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Functions#Notation Modern understanding of functionshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Functions#Modern_understanding_of_functions Remarkshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Functions#Remarks The vertical line testhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Functions#The_vertical_line_test Important functionshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Functions#Important_functions Example functionshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Functions#Example_functions Manipulating functionshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Functions#Manipulating_functions Composition of functionshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Functions#Composition_of_functions Transformationshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Functions#Transformations Domain and Rangehttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Functions#Domain_and_Range Domainhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Functions#Domain Rangehttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Functions#Range One-to-one Functionshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Functions#One-to-one_Functions Inverse functionshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Functions#Inverse_functions Graphing Functionshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Functions#Graphing_Functions Continuityhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Functions#Continuity Algebraic manipulationhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Functions#Algebraic_manipulation Purpose of reviewhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Functions#Purpose_of_review Rules of arithmetic and algebrahttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Functions#Rules_of_arithmetic_and_algebra http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Waves/Vectors ==Math Tutorial -- Vectors== Math Tutorial -- Vectorshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Waves/Vectors#Math_Tutorial_--_Vectors http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Waves/Reflection_and_Refraction == Reflection and Refraction == Reflection and Refractionhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Waves/Reflection_and_Refraction#Reflection_and_Refraction Derivation for Law of Reflectionhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Waves/Reflection_and_Refraction#Derivation_for_Law_of_Reflection Derivation for Snell's Lawhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Waves/Reflection_and_Refraction#Derivation_for_Snell.27s_Law http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Waves/Transverse%2C_Longitudinal_and_Torsional_waves ===Transverse and Longitudinal Waves=== Transverse and Longitudinal Waveshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Waves/Transverse%2C_Longitudinal_and_Torsional_waves#Transverse_and_Longitudinal_Waves http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Waves/Sine_Waves ===Sine Waves=== Sine Waveshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Waves/Sine_Waves#Sine_Waves http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Waves/Types_of_Waves === Types of Waves === Types of Waveshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Waves/Types_of_Waves#Types_of_Waves Ocean Surface Waveshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Waves/Types_of_Waves#Ocean_Surface_Waves http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Waves/Sound_Waves ==== Sound Waves ==== Sound Waveshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Waves/Sound_Waves#Sound_Waves http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Waves/Light ==== Light ==== Lighthttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Waves/Light#Light http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Waves/Superposition === Superposition Principle === Superposition Principlehttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Waves/Superposition#Superposition_Principle http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Waves/Beats ===Beats=== Beatshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Waves/Beats#Beats http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Waves/Interferometers === Interferometers === Interferometershttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Waves/Interferometers#Interferometers The Michelson Interferometerhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Waves/Interferometers#The_Michelson_Interferometer http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Waves/Thin_Films === Thin Films === Thin Filmshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Waves/Thin_Films#Thin_Films http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Waves/Derivatives === Math Tutorial -- Derivatives === Math Tutorial -- Derivativeshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Waves/Derivatives#Math_Tutorial_--_Derivatives Table of Derivativeshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Waves/Derivatives#Table_of_Derivatives http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Waves/Group_Velocity === Group Velocity === Group Velocityhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Waves/Group_Velocity#Group_Velocity Derivation of Group Velocity Formulahttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Waves/Group_Velocity#Derivation_of_Group_Velocity_Formula http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Waves/1D_Examples === Examples === Exampleshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Waves/1D_Examples#Examples http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Waves/1D_Problems === Problems === Problemshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Waves/1D_Problems#Problems http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Waves The wave is a physical phenomenon that is found in a variety of contexts. You undoubtedly know about ocean waves and have probably played with a stretched slinky toy, producing undulations which move rapidly along the slinky. Waves in one dimensionhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Waves#Waves_in_one_dimension Waves in two and three dimensionshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Waves#Waves_in_two_and_three_dimensions Geometrical opticshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Waves#Geometrical_optics http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkanes/Methane << Foundational concepts | Ethane >> Organic Chemistryhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Organic_Chemistry http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkanes/Ethane << Methane | Propane thru decane >> Number of hydrogens to carbonshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkanes/Ethane#Number_of_hydrogens_to_carbons http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Programmingc:ch1_cpp ==Variables & Intro to Control Statements for C++== Variables & Intro to Control Statements for C++http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Programmingc:ch1_cpp#Variables_.26_Intro_to_Control_Statements_for_C.2B.2B Scope of this Chapterhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Programmingc:ch1_cpp#Scope_of_this_Chapter Let's Programhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Programmingc:ch1_cpp#Let.27s_Program Variableshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Programmingc:ch1_cpp#Variables http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Optics Optics PDF file Books to be mergedhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Books_to_be_merged Opticshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Optics Physicshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Physics http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming/Tools __TOC__ Wikifyhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming/Tools#Wikify http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/BASIC_Programming == Introduction to BASIC == Introduction to BASIChttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/BASIC_Programming#Introduction_to_BASIC Programming Preliminarieshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/BASIC_Programming#Programming_Preliminaries Programming Languageshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/BASIC_Programming#Programming_Languages Beginning BASIChttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/BASIC_Programming#Beginning_BASIC Control Structureshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/BASIC_Programming#Control_Structures Intermediate BASIChttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/BASIC_Programming#Intermediate_BASIC Advanced BASIChttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/BASIC_Programming#Advanced_BASIC Further readinghttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/BASIC_Programming#Further_reading http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Programming:Pascal Pascal is a computer programming language named after the mathematician Blaise Pascal. It was invented by Niklaus Wirth in 1968 as a research project into the nascent field of compiler theory. Contentshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Programming:Pascal#Contents Alternative resourceshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Programming:Pascal#Alternative_resources http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Atomic_structure/Octet_rule_and_exceptions << Filling electron shells | Molecular orbitals >> Organic Chemistryhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Organic_Chemistry http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Acids_and_bases/Proton_donors_and_acceptors << Acids and bases | Electron donors and acceptors >> Organic Chemistryhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Organic_Chemistry http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Atomic_structure/Molecular_orbitals In organic chemistry we look at the hybridization of electron orbitals in to something called molecular orbitals. Organic Chemistryhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Organic_Chemistry http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/D_Programming The goal for this book is to create a complete, free, open-content, well-organized online book for the D programming language. Introductionhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/D_Programming#Introduction Overviewhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/D_Programming#Overview Main features of Dhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/D_Programming#Main_features_of_D Memory managementhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/D_Programming#Memory_management Interaction with other systemshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/D_Programming#Interaction_with_other_systems Implementationhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/D_Programming#Implementation Getting and Installing Dhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/D_Programming#Getting_and_Installing_D Win32: Example of Configuration 1 (dmd)http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/D_Programming#Win32:_Example_of_Configuration_1_.28dmd.29 Your first D programshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/D_Programming#Your_first_D_programs The Reference Manual to Dhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/D_Programming#The_Reference_Manual_to_D All D Featureshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/D_Programming#All_D_Features D Compilershttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/D_Programming#D_Compilers D Librarieshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/D_Programming#D_Libraries D GUI Librarieshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/D_Programming#D_GUI_Libraries Specialhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/D_Programming#Special http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming/Guidelines __TOC__ Authoring Guidelineshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming/Guidelines#Authoring_Guidelines http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Programming:Instructions =Computer Instructions= Computer Instructionshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Programming:Instructions#Computer_Instructions Instruction Setshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Programming:Instructions#Instruction_Sets Instruction Partshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Programming:Instructions#Instruction_Parts Op Codeshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Programming:Instructions#Op_Codes Operandshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Programming:Instructions#Operands http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkanes/Propane_thru_decane << Ethane | Drawing alkanes >> Naming carbon chains up to tenhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkanes/Propane_thru_decane#Naming_carbon_chains_up_to_ten Naming longer carbon chainshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkanes/Propane_thru_decane#Naming_longer_carbon_chains http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkanes/Properties_of_alkanes Merged inot main alkanes page. Ewen 21:45, 21 November 2006 (UTC) http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkanes/Constitutional_isomers Merged to Organic Chemistry/Alkanes. Ewen 21:57, 21 November 2006 (UTC) http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Acids_and_bases/Electron_donors_and_acceptors Proton donors and acceptors >> | Electrophiles and nucleophiles >> Organic Chemistryhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Organic_Chemistry http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Acids_and_bases/Electrophiles_and_nucleophiles << Electron donors and acceptors | pKa and acidity >> Organic Chemistryhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Organic_Chemistry http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Foundational_concepts_of_organic_chemistry/Acids_and_bases/PKa_and_acidity << Electrophiles and nucleophiles | Alkanes >> Organic Chemistryhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Organic_Chemistry http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkanes/Stereoisomers --<< Conformations Stereoisomershttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkanes/Stereoisomers#Stereoisomers Cis-trans Isomerismhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkanes/Stereoisomers#Cis-trans_Isomerism Optical Isomerismhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkanes/Stereoisomers#Optical_Isomerism http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Places_to_buy_organic_chemistry_models Organic chemistry> How to study organic chemistry Wikibooks Renamehttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikibooks_Rename http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkanes/Naming_alkanes Merged to main Organic Chemistry/Alkanes page. Ewen 21:59, 21 November 2006 (UTC) http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkanes/Cycloalkanes << Naming alkanes | Newman projections and conformers>> Naming cycloalkaneshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkanes/Cycloalkanes#Naming_cycloalkanes Substituentshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkanes/Cycloalkanes#Substituents Multicyclic alkaneshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkanes/Cycloalkanes#Multicyclic_alkanes Stereochemistryhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkanes/Cycloalkanes#Stereochemistry Cyclohexanehttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkanes/Cycloalkanes#Cyclohexane Other cycloalkaneshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkanes/Cycloalkanes#Other_cycloalkanes http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkanes/Cycloalkanes/Conformations Merged to Organic Chemistry/Alkanes/Cycloalkanes Ewen 08:40, 22 November 2006 (UTC) http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Chirality/Enantiomers ==Enantiomers== Enantiomershttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Chirality/Enantiomers#Enantiomers http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Integration == Definition of the Integral == Definition of the Integralhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Integration#Definition_of_the_Integral A geometrical proof that anti-derivative gives the areahttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Integration#A_geometrical_proof_that_anti-derivative_gives_the_area Independence of Variablehttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Integration#Independence_of_Variable Left and Right Handed Riemann Sumshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Integration#Left_and_Right_Handed_Riemann_Sums Example 1http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Integration#Example_1 Example 2http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Integration#Example_2 Basic Properties of the Integralhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Integration#Basic_Properties_of_the_Integral The Constant Rulehttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Integration#The_Constant_Rule The addition and subtraction rulehttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Integration#The_addition_and_subtraction_rule The Comparison Rulehttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Integration#The_Comparison_Rule Linearity with respect to endpointshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Integration#Linearity_with_respect_to_endpoints Fundamental Theorem of Calculushttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Integration#Fundamental_Theorem_of_Calculus Statement of the Fundamental Theoremhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Integration#Statement_of_the_Fundamental_Theorem Proofshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Integration#Proofs Proof of Fundamental Theorem of Calculus Part Ihttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Integration#Proof_of_Fundamental_Theorem_of_Calculus_Part_I Proof of Fundamental Theorem of Calculus Part IIhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Integration#Proof_of_Fundamental_Theorem_of_Calculus_Part_II Integration of Polynomialshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Integration#Integration_of_Polynomials Indefinite Integralshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Integration#Indefinite_Integrals Basic Properties of Indefinite Integralshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Integration#Basic_Properties_of_Indefinite_Integrals Indefinite integrals of Polynomialshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Integration#Indefinite_integrals_of_Polynomials Integral of the Inverse functionhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Integration#Integral_of_the_Inverse_function Integral of Sine and Cosinehttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Integration#Integral_of_Sine_and_Cosine Integral of the Exponential functionhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Integration#Integral_of_the_Exponential_function Integration Ruleshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Integration#Integration_Rules The Substitution Rulehttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Integration#The_Substitution_Rule Exampleshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Integration#Examples Proof of the substitution rulehttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Integration#Proof_of_the_substitution_rule Integration of even and odd functionshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Integration#Integration_of_even_and_odd_functions Integration by Partshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Integration#Integration_by_Parts http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Investing Investing involves using your money (or borrowed money that you control) to earn more money. Online resourceshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Investing#Online_resources http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Periodic_table ---- Organic Chemistryhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Organic_Chemistry http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Limits ==Intuitive Look== Intuitive Lookhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Limits#Intuitive_Look Informal definition of a limithttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Limits#Informal_definition_of_a_limit Limit ruleshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Limits#Limit_rules Exampleshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Limits#Examples Finding limitshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Limits#Finding_limits Using limit notation to describe asymptoteshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Limits#Using_limit_notation_to_describe_asymptotes Application to calculushttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Limits#Application_to_calculus External linkshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculus/Limits#External_links http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming/AI A central Artificial Intelligence wikibook has been started. Content from this book will eventually be merged into Artificial Intelligence. AI Programminghttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming/AI#AI_Programming What is AI?http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming/AI#What_is_AI.3F History of AIhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming/AI#History_of_AI From GOFAI to New Wave AIhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming/AI#From_GOFAI_to_New_Wave_AI Uses of AIhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming/AI#Uses_of_AI Table of Contentshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming/AI#Table_of_Contents Neural Networkshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming/AI#Neural_Networks Genetic Algorithmshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming/AI#Genetic_Algorithms Reinforcement learninghttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming/AI#Reinforcement_learning Natural Language Processinghttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming/AI#Natural_Language_Processing Computer Visionhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming/AI#Computer_Vision Roboticshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming/AI#Robotics http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Spanish/Cover ¡Bienvenidos! Spanishhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Spanish http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Spanish/Lesson_1 ---- Introductionhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Spanish/Lesson_1#Introduction Dialogue 1http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Spanish/Lesson_1#Dialogue_1 Vocabularyhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Spanish/Lesson_1#Vocabulary Dialogue 2http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Spanish/Lesson_1#Dialogue_2 Grammar: Personal Pronounshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Spanish/Lesson_1#Grammar:_Personal_Pronouns Grammar: Verbs ser and estarhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Spanish/Lesson_1#Grammar:_Verbs_ser_and_estar Ejemplos de los verbos ser y estar (Examples of the verbs ser and estar)http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Spanish/Lesson_1#Ejemplos_de_los_verbos_ser_y_estar_.28Examples_of_the_verbs_ser_and_estar.29 Hayhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Spanish/Lesson_1#Hay Spanish alphabethttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Spanish/Lesson_1#Spanish_alphabet Vowel pronunciationhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Spanish/Lesson_1#Vowel_pronunciation Semi-Vowelshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Spanish/Lesson_1#Semi-Vowels Acute accentshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Spanish/Lesson_1#Acute_accents Emphasishttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Spanish/Lesson_1#Emphasis http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Spanish/Lesson_2 ---- Díalogo 1: El Salón de Clasehttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Spanish/Lesson_2#D.C3.ADalogo_1:_El_Sal.C3.B3n_de_Clase Vocabulario: El Salón de Clasehttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Spanish/Lesson_2#Vocabulario:_El_Sal.C3.B3n_de_Clase Grammar: The Definite Articlehttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Spanish/Lesson_2#Grammar:_The_Definite_Article The Indefinite Articlehttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Spanish/Lesson_2#The_Indefinite_Article The Colorshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Spanish/Lesson_2#The_Colors Los Números (Numbers)http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Spanish/Lesson_2#Los_N.C3.BAmeros_.28Numbers.29 http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Programmingc:ch1_c NOTICE This is incomplete and a draft, additional information is to be added Introductionhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Programmingc:ch1_c#Introduction Simple C typeshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Programmingc:ch1_c#Simple_C_types Other type keywordshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Programmingc:ch1_c#Other_type_keywords Declaring variableshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Programmingc:ch1_c#Declaring_variables Control structureshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Programmingc:ch1_c#Control_structures Decisionshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Programmingc:ch1_c#Decisions if and elsehttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Programmingc:ch1_c#if_and_else switchhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Programmingc:ch1_c#switch Iterationhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Programmingc:ch1_c#Iteration http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Algebra/Arithmetic/Numerical_Axioms It is possible to define a regular set of numbers in a formal fashion. The set of Peano axioms define the series of numbers known as the natural numbers. Algebra textbook pageshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Algebra_textbook_pages http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics == Contents == Contentshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics#Contents Introductory discrete mathematicshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics#Introductory_discrete_mathematics Upper-level discrete mathematicshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics#Upper-level_discrete_mathematics Upper-level set theoryhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics#Upper-level_set_theory Upper-level number theoryhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics#Upper-level_number_theory Upper-level logichttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics#Upper-level_logic Upper-level Combinatoricshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics#Upper-level_Combinatorics Abstract algebrahttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics#Abstract_algebra Abstract algebraic systemshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics#Abstract_algebraic_systems Algebra over other number systemshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics#Algebra_over_other_number_systems Othershttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics#Others Automatahttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics#Automata Further problemshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics#Further_problems Unordered pageshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics#Unordered_pages External linkshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics#External_links http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics/Introduction Mathematics can help you to solve many problems by training you to think well. This book will help you to think well about discrete problems: problems like chess, in which the moves you make are exact. Discrete mathematics (book)http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Discrete_mathematics_%28book%29 http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lojban This is currently a pre-draft textbook. Therefore some information is inaccurate. Alphabetical/Lhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alphabetical/L Constructed Languageshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Constructed_Languages Dewey/400http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dewey/400 Languageshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Languages Library of Congress/Phttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Library_of_Congress/P Lojbanhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lojban http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lojban/Sounds_and_alphabet Lojban has a 24-letter alphabet (23 of which come from the Roman alphabet): Exerciseshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lojban/Sounds_and_alphabet#Exercises Write/Stresshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lojban/Sounds_and_alphabet#Write.2FStress Answerhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lojban/Sounds_and_alphabet#Answer True or Falsehttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lojban/Sounds_and_alphabet#True_or_False Answers to exerciseshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lojban/Sounds_and_alphabet#Answers_to_exercises Pronoucehttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lojban/Sounds_and_alphabet#Pronouce http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lojban/Cmene In Lojban names are called cmene (pronouced shmen-eh), and are transliterated to use only Lojban sounds. In Lobjan all words end in a vowel, and so to avoid any possible confusion all cmene end in a consonant; if a transliterated name would end in a vowel, it is usual to add an s to the end. Exerciseshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lojban/Cmene#Exercises English names to Cmenehttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lojban/Cmene#English_names_to_Cmene Cmene to English nameshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lojban/Cmene#Cmene_to_English_names Answers to Exerciseshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lojban/Cmene#Answers_to_Exercises http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Spanish/Lesson_4 ==Stem Changing Verbs== Stem Changing Verbshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Spanish/Lesson_4#Stem_Changing_Verbs Present Participlehttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Spanish/Lesson_4#Present_Participle Present Progressivehttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Spanish/Lesson_4#Present_Progressive Vocabularyhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Spanish/Lesson_4#Vocabulary http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Spanish/Lesson_3 ---- Texthttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Spanish/Lesson_3#Text Vocabulary for texthttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Spanish/Lesson_3#Vocabulary_for_text Regular Verbshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Spanish/Lesson_3#Regular_Verbs "G" Verbshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Spanish/Lesson_3#.22G.22_Verbs El vocabulario (Vocabulary) - Los días (Days)http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Spanish/Lesson_3#El_vocabulario_.28Vocabulary.29_-_Los_d.C3.ADas_.28Days.29 Una fiestahttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Spanish/Lesson_3#Una_fiesta http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cookbook:Eating_for_Health ==Basics== Basicshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cookbook:Eating_for_Health#Basics Examples and suggestions regarding diethttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cookbook:Eating_for_Health#Examples_and_suggestions_regarding_diet Non-diet concernshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cookbook:Eating_for_Health#Non-diet_concerns Balancehttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cookbook:Eating_for_Health#Balance Specific tipshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cookbook:Eating_for_Health#Specific_tips Vegetableshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cookbook:Eating_for_Health#Vegetables Meat, including eggs and fishhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cookbook:Eating_for_Health#Meat.2C_including_eggs_and_fish Oil and Fathttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cookbook:Eating_for_Health#Oil_and_Fat Milkhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cookbook:Eating_for_Health#Milk Salthttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cookbook:Eating_for_Health#Salt Flour-based foods and fiberhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cookbook:Eating_for_Health#Flour-based_foods_and_fiber http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lojban/Sapir-Whorf_Hypothesis In linguistics, the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis (SWH) states that there are certain thoughts of an individual in one language that cannot be understood by those who live in another language. SWH states that the way people think is strongly affected by their native languages. External linkshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lojban/Sapir-Whorf_Hypothesis#External_links http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lojban/Introduction_to_Lojban == Loglan == Loglanhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lojban/Introduction_to_Lojban#Loglan Lojbanhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lojban/Introduction_to_Lojban#Lojban Lojban Grammarhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lojban/Introduction_to_Lojban#Lojban_Grammar External linkshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lojban/Introduction_to_Lojban#External_links http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lojban/Other_resources *[Lojban] Lojbanhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lojban http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lojban/Attitudinals Attitudinals modify the brivla they follow. At the beginning of a bridi (after . Emotional modifiers:http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lojban/Attitudinals#Emotional_modifiers: Attitudinal indicators and suffixes with examples of modifier use:http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lojban/Attitudinals#Attitudinal_indicators_and_suffixes_with_examples_of_modifier_use: Attitudinalshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lojban/Attitudinals#Attitudinals Simple propositional emotions:http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lojban/Attitudinals#Simple_propositional_emotions: Complex propositional emotions:http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lojban/Attitudinals#Complex_propositional_emotions: Miscellaneous pure emotions:http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lojban/Attitudinals#Miscellaneous_pure_emotions: Complex pure emotions:http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lojban/Attitudinals#Complex_pure_emotions: Simple pure emotions:http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lojban/Attitudinals#Simple_pure_emotions: Emotional categories:http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lojban/Attitudinals#Emotional_categories: Attitudinal modifiers:http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lojban/Attitudinals#Attitudinal_modifiers: Special:http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lojban/Attitudinals#Special: Evidentials:http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lojban/Attitudinals#Evidentials: Consecutive discourse:http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lojban/Attitudinals#Consecutive_discourse: Commentary on words:http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lojban/Attitudinals#Commentary_on_words: Commentary on discourse:http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lojban/Attitudinals#Commentary_on_discourse: Knowledge:http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lojban/Attitudinals#Knowledge: Discourse management:http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lojban/Attitudinals#Discourse_management: Miscellaneous indicators:http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lojban/Attitudinals#Miscellaneous_indicators: External linkshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lojban/Attitudinals#External_links http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lojban/Vocatives coi greetings Exerciseshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lojban/Vocatives#Exercises Answers to exerciseshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lojban/Vocatives#Answers_to_exercises External linkshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lojban/Vocatives#External_links http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics/Set_theory .. Set relationshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics/Set_theory#Set_relations Set operationshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics/Set_theory#Set_operations Sets with their own symbolshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics/Set_theory#Sets_with_their_own_symbols Set comprehensionhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics/Set_theory#Set_comprehension Venn Diagramshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics/Set_theory#Venn_Diagrams Universal sets and complementshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics/Set_theory#Universal_sets_and_complements Universal setshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics/Set_theory#Universal_sets Complements[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_%28set_theory%29]http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics/Set_theory#Complements.5Bhttp:.2F.2Fen.wikipedia.org.2Fwiki.2FComplement_.2528set_theory.2529.5D Problem sethttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics/Set_theory#Problem_set Answershttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics/Set_theory#Answers Further ideashttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics/Set_theory#Further_ideas Power sethttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics/Set_theory#Power_set Cardinalityhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics/Set_theory#Cardinality The cardinality of the power sethttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics/Set_theory#The_cardinality_of_the_power_set Set identitieshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics/Set_theory#Set_identities Commutativityhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics/Set_theory#Commutativity Associativityhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics/Set_theory#Associativity Distributivityhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics/Set_theory#Distributivity Identityhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics/Set_theory#Identity Idempotencyhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics/Set_theory#Idempotency Dominationhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics/Set_theory#Domination Double complementshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics/Set_theory#Double_complements Complement intersections and unionshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics/Set_theory#Complement_intersections_and_unions De Morgan's Lawshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics/Set_theory#De_Morgan.27s_Laws Set differencehttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics/Set_theory#Set_difference Dualizationhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics/Set_theory#Dualization Further operations on setshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics/Set_theory#Further_operations_on_sets The difference of 2 setshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics/Set_theory#The_difference_of_2_sets Concise notation for more than 2 setshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics/Set_theory#Concise_notation_for_more_than_2_sets Cartesian producthttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics/Set_theory#Cartesian_product n-tupleshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics/Set_theory#n-tuples The Cartesian Producthttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics/Set_theory#The_Cartesian_Product Russell's paradoxhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics/Set_theory#Russell.27s_paradox http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Biochemistry == Contents == Contentshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Biochemistry#Contents http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Biochemistry/Introduction Biochemistry Intro: What Is Biochemistry?http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Biochemistry/Introduction#Intro:_What_Is_Biochemistry.3F http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Biochemistry/Catalysis << Biochemistry | << Thermodynamics | Catalysis | Metabolism and energy >> Enzymeshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Biochemistry/Catalysis#Enzymes Digestive and Metabolic Enzymeshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Biochemistry/Catalysis#Digestive_and_Metabolic_Enzymes Enzyme naming conventionshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Biochemistry/Catalysis#Enzyme_naming_conventions http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/HTML_Programming ==Introduction== Introductionhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/HTML_Programming#Introduction Before we starthttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/HTML_Programming#Before_we_start A simple documenthttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/HTML_Programming#A_simple_document Validating HTMLhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/HTML_Programming#Validating_HTML Book Chaptershttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/HTML_Programming#Book_Chapters Basic HTMLhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/HTML_Programming#Basic_HTML "Advanced" HTMLhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/HTML_Programming#.22Advanced.22_HTML Appendiceshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/HTML_Programming#Appendices Other Wikibookshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/HTML_Programming#Other_Wikibooks Other Tutorialshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/HTML_Programming#Other_Tutorials http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/World_History Help us carry out Operation: Blank Check! Alphabetical/Whttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alphabetical/W Books with infoboxeshttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Books_with_infoboxes Historyhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:History http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/World_History/Florida_Instructional_Materials_Specifications Relevant bits snipped from: World Historyhttp://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:World_History http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/World_History/Florida_Course_Description